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neuronal tuning
Neuronal tuning refers to the property of brain cells by which they selectively represent a particular type of sensory, association, motor, or cognitive information. Neuronal responses are optimally tuned to specific patterns through experience.〔Sakai, Kuniyoshi; Miyashita, Yasushi. Neuronal tuning to learned complex forms in vision. ''NeuroReport'' 1994, 5:829-832.〕 Neuronal tuning can be strong and sharp, as observed in primary visual cortex (area V1), or weak and broad, as observed in neural ensembles. Single neurons may be simultaneously tuned to several modalities, such as visual, auditory, and olfactory. Neurons that are tuned to different signals often integrate information from the different sources. In neural networks, such integration is the major principle of operation. The best examples of neuronal tuning can be seen in the visual, auditory, olfactory, somatosensory, and memory systems.
== Visually Tuned System ==
Accepted neuronal tuning models suggest that neurons respond to different degrees based on the similarity between the optimal stimulus of the neuron and the given stimulus.〔Grill-Spector, Kalanit; Witthoft, Nathan. Deos the Bairn Not Raed Ervey Lteter by Istlef, but the Wrod as a Wlohe? ''Neuron'' 2009, 62:161-162.〕 The first major evidence of neuronal tuning in the visual system was provided by Hubel and Wiesel in 1959.〔Hubel, D. H.; Wiesel, T. N. Receptive Fields of Single Neurones in the Cat's Striate Cortex. ''J. Physiol.'' 1959, 148:574-591.〕 They discovered that oriented slits of light were the most effective stimuli for striate cortex “simple cell” neurons.〔Wurtz, Robert H. Recounting the impact of Hubel and Wiesel. ''J. Physiol.'' 2009, 587:2817-2823.〕 Other neurons, “complex cells," responded best to lines of a certain orientation moving in a specific direction.〔 Overall, the V1 neurons were found to be selectively tuned to certain orientations, sizes, positions, and forms.〔 Hubel and Wiesel won the (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ) in 1981 for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.〔(www.nobelprize.org )〕
While these simple cells in V1 respond to oriented bars through small receptive fields, the optimal visual stimulus becomes increasing complex as one moves toward the anterior of the brain.〔Riesenhuber, Maximilian; Poggio, Tomaso. Neural mechanisms of object recognition. ''Current Opinion in Neurobiology'' 2002, 12:162-168.〕 Neurons in area V4 are selectively tuned to different wavelengths, hues, and saturations of color.〔Kolb, B.; Whishaw, I. Q. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (2003). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.〕 The middle temporal or area V5 is specifically tuned to the speed and direction of moving stimuli.〔 At the apex of the ventral stream called the inferotemporal cortex, neurons became tuned to complex stimuli, such as faces.〔 The specific tuning of intermediate neurons in the ventral stream is less clear, because the range of form variety that can be utilized for probing is nearly infinite.〔Sakai, K.; Naya, Y.; Miyashita, Y. Neuronal tuning and associative mechanisms in form representation. ''Learning and Memory'' 1994, 1:83-105.〕
In the anterior part of the ventral stream, various regions appear to be tuned selectively to identify body parts (extrastriate body area), faces (fusiform face area), moving bodies (posterior superior temporal sulcus), or even scenes (parahippocampal place area).〔 Neuronal tuning in these areas requires fine discrimination among complex patterns in each relevant category for object recognition.〔 Recent findings suggest that this fine discrimination is a function of expertise and the individual level of categorization with stimuli. Specifically, work has been done by Gauthier ''et al'' (2001) to show fusiform face area (FFA) activation for birds in bird experts and cars in car experts when compared to the opposing stimuli.〔Gauthier, I.; Skudlarski, P.; Gore, J. C.; Anderson, A. W. Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. ''Nat. Neurosci.'' 2001, 3:191-197.〕 Gauthier ''et al'' (2002) also utilized a new class of objects called Greebles and trained people to recognize them at individual levels.〔 After training, the FFA was tuned to distinguish between this class of objects as well as faces.〔Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M. J. Unraveling mechanisms for expert object recognition: Bridging brain activity and behavior. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance'' 2002, 28(2):431-446.〕 Curran ''et al'' (2002) similarly trained people in a less structured class of objects called "blobs" and showed FFA selective activation for them.〔Curran, I.; Tanaka, J.; Weiskopf, D. An electrophysiological comparison of visual categorization and recognition memory. ''Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience'' 2002, 18(2):1-18.〕 Overall, neurons can be tuned selectively discriminate between certain sets of stimuli that are experienced regularly in the world.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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